The Han and Rome Essay Example for Free

The Han and Rome Essay From 206 B.C.E. 220 C.E., the Han dynasty, in China, accumulated many political control methods, as did Imperial Rome reigning from 31 B.C.E. – 476 C.E. However, there were more differences than similarities between the two empires/dynasties. Two main differences were China and Rome’s territorial expansion and their political philosophies (mandate of heaven and monarchy). A similarity between these two empires would be their centralized government adopting bureaucracy. China put their trust in the mandate of heaven, which is a Chinese political theory that gave those in power the right to rule from a divine authority. Imperial Rome relied on a monarchy system, which put Augustus Caesar (Julius Caesar’s son) into power. Another factor that differentiated Han China and Imperial Rome was their territorial expansion. Imperial Rome expanded from Italy to Spain, Gaul, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece and Britannia. However, although Han China expands throughout Asia, they felt they did not need to expand much to sustain their power. Nonetheless, what allowed Han China and Imperial Rome to resemble each other, was there centralized bureaucracies. This is a government system in which all of the important decisions are made by one or a few authorities in a region. Rowland 2 Han China (206 B.C.E. 220 C.E.) and Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. – 476 C.E.) discriminate more with their political methods, than relate to one another. Two distinctions would be their political philosophies, mandate of heaven and monarchy, and their territorial expansion concepts. One aspect that helped them relate to one another was that they shared the ideal of a centralized bureaucracy.

Students Should be Required to Wear Uniforms to School Essay -- Public

Students Should be Required to Wear Uniforms to School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you always ask yourself why do students wear those horrible uniforms? Well, 99% of the students do, some find that unnecessary, some find them obsolete, and others just hate those unexciting colors. Nonetheless, they are wrong when they think that uniforms are not necessary, since they are. Because the teachers need to see students as equal, plus, clothes always distract other people, and as proved on a survey, 78% of the students prefer clothes that are inappropriate for school and for some people these clothes might be impolite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you meet somebody, what is the first thing that you look at? As humans, we always take a first impression about people, and all the times criticize them depending of the clothe that they wear, their appearance, and their manifestation in front of people, and we do not do it because we are mean or terrible, everybody does, it is unavoidable. That is one of the uniform’s function, maintain students as equal for the teachers, and that way evading that teachers judge them, uniforms are an obligation, it is not their choice. Teachers need to grade students, and this way they will do it about the students’ manners, not by their clothes. And students need to have the same level and conditions on the class, because they need to be equal to a teacher this way we can evade unfairness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aren’t colors and nice textures ...

Marriage Between a Man and a Woman

A traditional marriage is a legal contract between a man and a woman. Entering into a marriage contract changes the legal status of both people giving husband and wife new rights and obligations (The Free Dictionary). A marriage according to Webster dictionary is the opposite being united together legally, the state that which two people of the same sex join together same as that of a traditional marriage. Is it because it is placed in the dictionary that a marriage can be between two people of the same sex it is ok. People would think that because that because two people of the same sex that are in love they have a right to be married. However, many believe that marriage should only remain between a man and a woman. If the U. S. doesn’t allow same sex marriages there would be a rebellion because due to the civil rights of the homosexuals. People consider homosexuality a sin. Other people don’t have a religious belief and think that it is neglecting them of their constitutional rights. It will weaken the traditional family. Others say because homosexuals can’t procreate, the adoption rate will increase and will have a stronger family value not based on a sexual lifestyle. Homosexuality is an unhealthy lifestyle causes early deaths. The homosexual lifestyle is accepted in most places. It could cause an outbreak of many other things such as having multiple wives or marring objects. It could weaken the definition of marriage. Most people think that the only thing that should matter in marriage is love. The constitution states in the 1st amendment that we have the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and to petition the government. Many think that if we place a law on marriages we will be forcing religion on those who believe different. However, homosexuality is a sin against God. If God wanted men to be with men and women to be with women he would have created Adam and Steve in stead of Adam and Eve. Also he would have created another way reproduction to happen instead of penetration of a male into a female. Many people say that they were born gay and can’t change that. Even if they wanted to change they are afraid that if they leave they won’t be accepted in other organizations. Some think that homosexual marriages weaken the traditional family and increase the risk of STD’s. The frivolous lifestyle of one person by having sex with multiple partners cause people to have less trust which could cause less marriages or more divorces. If homosexual marriages were allowed there would be a lot of marriages of the same sex because friends want to save money on their taxes. Many people say that if the homosexuals were allowed to marry then the STD rate could decrease. Also we want to encourage a lifestyle of partnership and people to build lives together. Now many places accept homosexuals as a traditional marriage. Not many see it as wrong, nasty, or unhealthy; they see the public affection and embrace it. Not knowing that the lifestyle could possibly kill them. Many don’t know that homosexual relations aren’t just physically unhealthy. But, homosexual relations are mentally and emotionally unhealthy. A study shows that 78% of male homo- sexual relations last less than three years and 12 % last less than five years. Most men are unhappy in the relationships. They are six times more likely to try to commit suicide. Evelyn Hooker says that homosexuals have the same health risk that heterosexual males have (APA Online). The thought that homosexual males have a mental problem and are maladjusted caused her to think. When tested the males found that there was no difference between the two. If homosexual marriages were allowed there would be an up rise of people wanting to marry multiple people or people want to marry an object. If the up rise occurred there could possibly be a rebellion because the law would not pass for them to do the craziest things. Allowing homosexuals to marry it would weaken the definition of marriage. It would make marriage look like a joke. The basic reason people get married is because they love one another not knowing the responsibilities that come with being married. If marriage were meant to between the same sexes, there wouldn’t be a need to hide the fact that they love one another. Marriage should remain between a man and a woman so that the definition of marriage can stay strengthened, the world won’t go to extinction, and so we can live healthy lifestyles. ? Work Cited †¢Helium/ October 14, 2009/ Marriage should be a sacred institution between only a woman and a man †¢BalancedPolitics. org/ October 14, 2009/ Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legalized? †¢The free dictionary/ October 14, 2009/ Traditional Marriage †¢Webster Dictionary online/ October 14, 2009/ Marriage †¢Exodus global alliance/ October 14, 2009/ Is Homosexuality Healthy?

Functionalism And Its Positive And Negative Arguments

Philosophy, meaning â€Å"Love of Wisdom† in Greek, is a comprehensive system of ideas about human nature and the nature of the reality we live in. (Brakas 1.) Though individual’s philosophical ideas were not always welcomed, it has been practiced since the earliest of existence. In this paper I will focus on functionalism and its positive and negative arguments. I will also construct an argument and demonstrate the properties of functionalism. Before I begin to discuss functionalism I think it would be only best if I lightly outline philosophy and the theories that originated functionalism. The three main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, and axiology. Epistemology focuses on the nature of knowledge. Within this category is the philosophy of the mind. The Philosophy of the Mind addresses how the mind is related to the physical world of cause and affect (Sober 203). We ask questions like â€Å"are minds physical things?† â€Å"Are they identi cal with the brain?† â€Å"Are they immaterial?† From these questions we develop the mind/body problem. The mind/body problem tries to understand the relationship between the mental and the physical. Philosophers have developed theories to help us understand and answer these questions. Dualism, behaviorism, the identity theory, and functionalism are just a few theories. Dualism states that there are kinds of things in the world, physical objects and mental objects. The brain and the body are both physical things, but the mind isShow MoreRelatedThomas Nagel And Frank Jackson Do Not1006 Words   |  5 Pageswith behavior. According to the website, philosophy basics, â€Å"those that believe in physicalism believe that everything that exists is no more extensive than its physical properties and that the only existing substances is physical.† Both have valid arguments to prove their theories, which keep philosophers divided in between the two. Philosophers Thomas Nagel and Frank Jackson do not. Both philosophers have found problems with physicalism that seem to make the theory less sound. However, functionlistsRead MoreEssay on Social Conflict Theories and Functionalism896 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Conflict Theories and Functionalism There are three main theories of sociology; functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. This paper will focus on two of those theories, functionalism and conflict theory. The objective is to delineate the assumptions of two out of the three theoretical perspectives and apply these assumptions to an analysis of social stratification. How this will be accomplished will be by comparing and contrasting their assumptions and by analyzingRead MoreSociological Theories Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesanswer this question with reference to both functionalism and conflict theory. This will be done by comparing and contrasting both theories in relation to their perspectives on both suicide and gender discrimination as social issues relevant to this day and age. Functionalism and conflict perspectives are both macro theories. This means that they focus on the big picture, for example social structure, social institutions and economic change. Functionalism sees society as a complex system whoseRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Life1581 Words   |  7 Pagesand key concepts related to each of these three theories. I will then identify which of these three theories I find most useful in studying sociology today and then I will explain the rationale behind my selection. Finally, I will provide my own argument to the debate as whether the purpose of social research should be only to advance the understanding of human behavior or to investigate/reform harmful social arrangements. The first theory I will cover is symbolic interactionism. The symbolic interactionRead MoreStrengths and Weaknesses of the Functionalist View on Society1459 Words   |  6 PagesAssess the strengths and weaknesses of the functionalist view on society. Functionalism is a consensus perspective, whereby society is based on shared values and norms into which members are socialised. For functionalists, society is seen as a system of social institutions such as the economy, religion and the family all of which perform socialisation functions. A strength of the functionalist theory is that it a macro level structural theory which uses an organic analogy- using the body asRead MoreAssessment of the Usefulness of Functionalism in Understanding the Family1223 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment of the Usefulness of Functionalism in Understanding the Family Functionalism is a structuralist theory. This means it sees the individual as less important as the social structure of society. It is a ‘top down’ theory. The family can be defined as an intimate domestic group composed of people related to each other by blood, sexual relations and legal ties. When assessing how useful functionalism is when looking at the family, other views/perspectives Read MoreStructural Functionalism : A Society With Organic Solidarity869 Words   |  4 Pages As one of the earliest theoretical approaches in sociology canons, Structural Functionalism focuses on the ways in which various structures in society such as the economy or education system interact with each other and the functions they serve. One of the most prominent functionalist theorists was Emile Durkheim, who devised the idea that solidarity, the force holding a society together, is largely determined by the degree of interrelatedness and interdependence of individuals brought about byRead MoreAssess the View That Crime Is Functional1683 Words   |  7 Pagesinevitable and normal. This sociological perspective, Functionalism, consists of Emile Durkheim’s work on crime and deviance. His main argument was that ‘crime is normal’ and that it is ‘an integral part of all healthy societies’. This perspective views crime and deviance as an inevitable fe ature of all societies which is universal. However, Durkheim did argue that too much crime can lead to the destabilisation of society. Durkheim identified three positive aspects of crime which make it a functional componentRead MoreSociological Views Of Government Policies And Laws On Family Life886 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment policies and laws on family life. This essay will look at how social policies and laws affect families in a positively or negatively. Some of the key concepts that will be touched upon will be how functionalist agree that social policies are positive due to the march of progress getting better due to laws in place. The essay will also look at how it negatively affects families, such as how feminist think social policies promote patriarchy in the family. The new labour has introduced laws whichRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination Is Using Imaginative Thoughts And Processes Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesnature. The goal is to understand what makes and changes societies. Manifest functions are consequences that are known, such as punishments for breaking laws. Latent functions are consequences that are not known, like a consequence that is positive or negative but not explicitly recognized. 2. Émile Durkheim’s study of suicide revealed that humans are social creatures and that how a person interacts with others shapes how they act. I am taking this class for my minor because I believed it would

Gabon A Country Of Crisis Essay - 764 Words

Gabon – A Country in Crisis Cameron Rozier APHG 6th period 10/2/16 Gabon is located in central Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the equator, between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea. It is an oil-producing state, with oil accounting for most of its exports and GDP production. Gabon has been growing recently but declines in the rate of increase is showing that it is late in its life of oil production. Like many oil-producing countries, Gabon is going through a boom-bust cycle and is nearing its bust stages. Gabon’s dependency on oil for its economic commerce will lead to a financial struggle in the upcoming years. Gabon has a GDP per capita four times that of most sub-Saharan African countries, but because of high-income inequality. A very large portion of the population is poor. Gabon relied on timber and manganese exports until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970’s. From 2010 to 2014, oil was approximately 80% of Gabon’s exports, 40% of its GDP, and 60% of its state budget revenues. Gabon faces fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports. A rebound in oil prices from 2001 to 2013 helped growth, but declining production, as some fields passed their peak production, has hampered Gabon from fully realizing potential gains. GDP grew nearly 6% per year over the 2010-14 period but slowed significantly in 2015 as oil prices declined. Low oil prices also weakened government revenue and negatively affected the trade and currentShow MoreRelatedBrazil: Environmental Problems and Solutions.2094 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The South American country of Brazil is well-known for its biodiversity and wealth of natural resources. The Amazon River and rainforest are located in Brazil, a country with more than 800,000 square miles of coastline, and a landmass so large that its borders touch all but two of its neighboring countries (Rich, 1999). The Amazon rainforest is the worlds largest tropical rainforest, and for purposes of comparison, its size is equivalent to one-half of the entire United States (RichRead MoreMaintaining Agricultural Farmlands for the Worlds Growing Population1736 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially in developing countries with drought and famine. This has also led to many shortages of food, due to high demand because of the increasing population. Demographists worry that if this growing issue continues to hurt food consumption of povertized countries, than there will be more deaths because the population is increasing, but the food levels are staying the same, or even decreasing. Some of these demographists believe that this is occurring, because the developed countries are intaking tooRead MoreOpec And The Price Of Oil873 Words   |  4 Pagesoil The organization of the petroleum exporting countries or OPEC was created at Baghdad Conference in Iraq in September 1960. The founding members of organization were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. These five states were later joined by nine other countries: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), and Angola (2007). Ecuador and Gabon withdrew from the organization in 1992 and 1994 asRead MoreOpec Case Study1516 Words   |  7 PagesSmita Meshram What is OPEC? The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent intergovernmental organization of 12 oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member Countries. It was founded at a meeting held on 10–14 September 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq, by five oil-producing countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. (These countries are referred to as the Founder Members of the Organization) This unified frontRead MoreProblems Faced By The European Economy1191 Words   |  5 PagesAt some point a developing country with a growing economy starts to experience a decline. The reasons for it are uncertain. This statement applies to many places in the world. As an example, Russia is currently experiencing major economic decline because of one even that had happened a few years ago. On the other side of the world, Africa, with it’s raised hopes starts to experience a rapid decline in its economy too. Africa’s challenges were not created because of an event, there simply isn’t enoughRead MoreJack Janik . Micro Economics. 1:00 Class. 4/28/17. Opec1411 Words   |  6 Pagescan fulfill their own needs, while other countries clamour for what they can get . The countries with oil realized instead of competing with one another on exports , it would be much more profitable to simply work together and cooperate in their production of oil, rather than compete. In doing this, these countries will then be able to influence the market magnitudes more. The first steps towards forming the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, (OPEC) began in 1949. Venezuela and IranRead MoreThe Price Of West Texas Intermediate1494 Words   |  6 Pagesthe case of what happened. OPEC, along with its lead producing country, Saudi Arabia, has been producing at their maximum production capacity in order to saturate the market as much as possible and drive oil prices down even lower. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, abbreviated OPEC, was formed in 1960 at the Baghdad Conference. OPEC’s official objective is â€Å"to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers;Read MoreEssay about OPEC Presentation1377 Words   |  6 Pages†¢Indonesia (1962) – suspended membership 01/2009 †¢Libya (1962) †¢United Arab Emirates (1967) †¢Algeria (1969) †¢Nigeria (1971) †¢Ecuador (1973) – suspended membership 1992-2007 †¢Angola (2007) †¢Gabon (1975–1994) Objectives of Opec †¢ OPECs objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investingRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Africa1461 Words   |  6 Pagesthe gold and diamond-rich Egypt and South Africa provided, caused the European conquest for Africa. Therefore the primary reason for European colonization in Africa was economic gain. Another factor was the desire for political dominance, in which countries like Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain competed for power that was demonstrated by acquiring territories around the world, including Africa. The Scramble for Africa was so intense that signs of international conflictsRead MoreOpec1276 Words   |  6 PagesOrganisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, is a name that has become synonymous with the worldwide petroleum market. But what does it do, who is involved and how important is OPEC to our day-to-day lives? This article aims to answer these basic questions in a clear and concise fashion. OPEC is a permanent organisation of 12 countries which are world-leaders in oil production. The primary aim of OPEC is to unify petroleum policies between its member countries, to ensure fair and stable oil prices

Review of Related Literature and Studies - 1069 Words

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES LOCAL LITERATURE Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science†¦show more content†¦Visual Basic support many useful tools that will help the user more productivity. Wilfredo Camarillo (2005) General Manager of RCSI stated that in the Philippines, Mini-Stop is the only convenience store that serves in-store prepared food products with dine-in corner for consumers, targeting the b and C household in Metro Manila. He said, â€Å"Right now, the company is very aggressive in the introduction of new products every other week, and continuously market and develop products that are not yet in convenience stores that the company believe are needed by our target market. At Mini-Stop, Camarillo further claimed that the stores are fully computerized and that the technology infrastructure is reliable to support the day-to-day operations of every store. Reynaldo b. Mendoza (2006) Manger of business Management Department at HPMC base in Laguna Technopark-Phase II in binan, Laguna says that Honda parts basically needed the most accurate and updated management information taken from different operating units. They think that computerizing the operating units, they will get the information that they need by pulling out from the system. Mr. Mendoza said they want to start slow but grow fast later on. They are looking at their bank sand suppliers to electronically communicate with them and exchange information. He also said that the only system computerized in HPMC is accounting GL system that was very limited. TheShow MoreRelatedReview of Related Literature and Studies1403 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Studies rely on information researched by the proponents. Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technologicalRead MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies1438 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related Literatures come from both Foreign and Local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related Studies come from both Foreign and Local Studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approachRead MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related literatures come from both foreign and local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related studies come from both foreign and local studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approachRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies3079 Words   |  13 PagesREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Several studies have been conducted here and abroad which have a direct and indirect bearing on the subject to be investigated in this study. A brief review of the related literature and studies are presented hereunder. Literature In the present educational system, studies based on the achievement levels of elementary and secondary students revealed that the equality of education has deteriorated over the years. In a recent UNESCO statistics Barsaga (2000)Read MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies1921 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Various publications and studies related to the topic being studied were read and analyzed by the researcher to support the claims presented by this study. 2.1 Mobile Robot According to Al-Sahib (2015), the term robot is derived from the Czech word â€Å"robota† which means forced labor. Goris (2004) also said that a robot can be defined as a device that can execute automated tasks, either with the influence of direct human control, or a set of generalRead MoreRelated Literature and Review of Related Studies for Fertilizer1803 Words   |  8 PagesChapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies Related Literature Polystyrene Commonly known as Styrofoam that is one of the most widely used type of plastics. It is a strong  plastic  created from erethylene and benzine that can be injected, extruded, or blow molded; making it a very useful and versatile manufacturing material. It is also a rigid, transparent thermoplastic, which is present in solid or glassy state at normal temperature. But, when heated above its glass transition temperatureRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies (Autism)4684 Words   |  19 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies for both foreign and local underlying the framework of the study. Synthesis was also created based from the gathered information and facts in literature and studies. FOREIGN LITERATURES According to the study of the orbitofrontal–amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social–emotional behavior in autism that. Autism is centrally characterized by developmental disruption in social–emotionalRead MoreChapter2: Review of Related Literature and Studies1861 Words   |  8 PagesChapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the values reflected in the proverbs and the proverb as a reflection of Filipino character, its function in the society, its nature and purpose, its stylistic peculiarity and its significance in Filipino culture. Folklore Prof. Damiana Eugenio (2002), a renowned Filipina folklorist, said that there is no universally acceptedRead MoreImportant Consideration in Making a Research Paper820 Words   |  4 Pagesmost important early steps in a research project is the conducting of the literature review. This is also one of the most humbling experiences youre likely to have. Why? Because youre likely to find out that just about any worthwhile idea you will have has been thought of before, at least to some degree. I frequently have students who come to me complaining that they couldnt find anything in the literature that was related to their topic. And virtually every time they have said that, I was ableRead MoreA Literature Review : The Walden University Library Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesA literature review is an interpretation of arrays of circulating articles written by the scholar-authors’ of researchers related to several topics. A literature search for evidence-based research can be over powering. The Walden University library illuminates on the superlative quality of evidence-based research and which databases to utilize with research searches. Filtered resources are the superlative quality of studies related to evidence-based practice and encompasses systemic reviews, critically

LeaderMember Exchange in Contemporary Nursing

Question: Discuss about the LeaderMember Exchange in Contemporary Nursing. Answer: Introduction According to the report by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EASHW), every organization should focus on its managerial significance and role in the improvement of the psychosocial working environment for its employees (Cogliser, 2015). In their study, Gupta (2015) points out that leadership and the successful performance of an organization are dependent on the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX). Various researches also denotes that LMX is essential in determining the quality of the dynamic working relationship between the leaders of the organization and the employees based on the interrelated dimensions such as respect, trust, and mutual obligation (Torres, 2014). For instance, Hunt (2014) points out that when the leader provides the necessary resources in a beneficial and fair manner, the employees will have a positive view of the relationship. It will be reciprocated through increased effort and commitment to work hence resulting in high performance and good r elationship. The theory has it that the relationship between the leaders and the subordinates ranges from those based on those characterized by reciprocal influence, trust, and respect to those based on the formal employment contract (Kacmar et al., 2013). The Scope of the Paper The quality of LMX in the organization is associated with positive work attitudes, well-being, performance, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Hanse et al. (2014), also point out that adverse psychological factors of workforce increase the risks to ill-health such us burnout, sickness absence, stress-related disorders, and labor turnover among healthcare workers. The healthcare workers are often experiencing high workplace stress levels leading to a higher risk of mental health complications than other occupational groups Gupta (2015). This paper hence aims at examining the associated relationship between the LMX and nursing professionalism.The paper evaluates the LMX theory, related inter-communication, and the strategic recommendations that can be adopted by healthcare leaders in the nursing industry to improve the quality of LMX in the industry. The main information presented in this paper will be conducted through secondary research with sophisticated sources from d atabases such as EBSCO and Google Scholars available in the web. Leader-Member Exchange Theory Leader-Member Exchange LMX theory mainly describes how the management and leadership in groups maintain their relationship and position in a series of intra-communication strategies and exchange of agreements with the members as pointed out by Hanse et al. (2014). Having emerged in the 1970s, the theory mainly focuses on the development of relationships between leaders and members of their team. In their study, Kacmar et al. (2013) denote that leaders and managers of groups and organizations often develop special relationships with the inner circle of trusted advisors, assistants, and lieutenants to whom they give a high level of decision influence, access to resources, and responsibilities. The group is referred to as the in-group and often works harder, more committed to task goals and objectives, and share most of the administrative duties. In his review, Rubin (2011) points out that this particular group is expected to be loyal to the leadership and fully committed to the assigne d responsibilities while sharing more of the administrative tasks. However, the out-group consists of members who are often given a low level of influence and choice. The resulting effect is a constrained environment for the leaders who are expected to nurture the relationship with the in-group. Leaders have the responsibility of balancing the power while maintaining their position so as to ensure the inner cycle do not strike demands on their own without his concern. After joining any group or organization, Stratton (2011) points out that every individual or employee must find themselves in these kinds of relationships that often start in three stages. The stages include the role taking, role making, and routinization as denoted by Kunze (2016). Role taking- At this stage, an individual joins a team while the leader is assessing their talents and abilities based on the duties within the organization, from which the leader will offer them the opportunities for the demonstration of their capabilities. At this stage also, Gupta (2015) points out that both parties are at the point of learning or discovering the behavior of the other party regarding respect, performance, duty, etc. Role taking- it is the second phase where the member and the leader take part in an informal and unstructured negotiation. The responsibilities and roles are given to the member while the often-tacit promises of benefits and power in return for loyalty, trust, and dedication takes place. Gupta (2015) points out that building trust between the parties is very essential at this point and any form of betrayal mainly by the managers or leaders results in the member relegating him or herself to the out-group. The same study also denotes that the negotiation process at this stage includes relationship factors and pure working strategies with a promise that hard work and positivity in various ways to give the member a successful frontier. According to Kumbra (2010), it is perhaps the reason as to why same-gender relationships are often more successful than mixed-gender ones as it also affects the first stage respect development, an aspect that is experienced in both racial and cultural diff erences. Routinization- It is the phase of establishment of a continuous social exchange between the leader and the member. Successful members are often similar to the leader in many ways, perhaps an explanation of why most of the senior teams are often male, white, middle-aged, and middle-class according to Hunt (2014). In ensuring that the relationship is maintained, these inner cycle members are often patient, sensitive, empathetic, reasonable and good at evaluating the viewpoint of other members and specifically the leader. On the other hand, the out-group often suffers from sarcasm, aggression, and egocentric behavior as pointed out by Cogliser (2015). Importance of leader-member exchange intra-communication Leaders with high LMX in their style of operation have been found to experience multiple personal and organizational benefits. For instance, Gupta (2015) identifies increased followers self-efficiency and more voluntary initiatives from the employees in relation to the in-groups as compared to the out-groups. The leaders hence train their juniors within the in-group towards exercising their leadership skills to make the work more effective while taking higher risks in the attempt of accomplishing a mission according to Sparrowe and Liden (2014). The leaders are thus able to extend leadership capabilities to the juniors and build networks that can influence others towards high-quality performance that at the end can even get the leaders promoted. In the nursing environment, high LMX within the organization will promote the performance of the nurses who will, in turn, show higher job satisfaction and lower turnover intentions resulting in a positive employee citizenship behavior and be tter patient care. According to Hunt (2014), the focus on the relationships between followers and leaders is as well beneficial for other specific supervisory responsibilities mainly those in the middle management. It is this kind of relationship that determines the influence towards job satisfaction and increased organizational benefits. As a result, Hanse et al. (2014) point out that every employee in the nursing industry with high-quality LMX relationships often experiences a great access to organizational resources from leaders. They are often in-group who are assured of more work-based benefits that the out-group with poor quality relationships. LMX hence gives the group a more rapid career progression experience as well as a higher perception of the organizational influence of the employee. In his review, Gupta (2015) asserts that more responsible and complex nursing roles are often assigned to nurses with higher levels of respect, obligation, and trust based on the supervisor- employee relations hip. The resulting impact of high-quality relationship LMX hence means a positive work experience thus performance and effective nursing care outcomes. The nature of communication within the workforce- Rubin (2011) points out that there is often an element of satisfaction when there is proper communication between the management and the staff on various aspects and responsibilities of the organization. The satisfaction in communication can boost the level of LMX in the nursing industry. For instance, personal or interpersonal communication between co-workers and leaders often provides the sense of organizational citizenship to the nurses that they are part of the organization whose contribution to its success is respected and valued. In their review, Hanse et al. (2014) point out that the higher the decisional power of a leader within the hierarchy of the organization, the higher the staff gets motivated and satisfied. As a result, the influence can be felt both in strategic (decision-making related aspects) and work-related in relation to task assignments and performance review (Cogliser, 2015). The same study adds that more transp arency between the workforce and the leaders of an organization leads to confidence and motivation for the members in regard to their focus o career goals and exceeding patient expectations in the case of nursing care. Leader-member exchange exploration and discussion in nursing According to Gupta (2012), leader-member exchange mainly focuses on the interaction between the leadership of the organization. Gupta contends that every leadership outcome is dependent on the nature and existence of interaction expressed by the leaders as they often have discretion, limited time, and positional power. In the nursing environment, such leaders will often attempt to maximize their leadership outcomes by allocating duties to trusted nurses within the in-group. Morgeson (2015) denotes that unlike other theories that were either subordinate centric or leader-centric, LMX examines the dynamic relationship between the two approaches as the major contributors of effective leadership in a workplace. Unlike other leadership theories that that views subordinate as a team or a group, LMX often considers every individual in a team as a contributor to the success or failure of the organization. In the nursing industry, the theory recognizes two major types of relationships based on the nature of the interaction between the leaders and the subordinate staff as pointed out by Jordan and Troth (2011). Within the nursing industry, the in-group nurses often go beyond their expected responsibilities and possess a constructive approach to tasks. According to Hanse et al. (2014), they are often viewed as the staff that proactive in seeking to ensure success in the leadership roles. They are hence forming the high-quality LMX in-group with positive outcomes in their patient care roles for better healthcare provision since they negotiate and initiate their role expansion beyond the job description. Their relationship with the leaders is often of mutual trust, and respects hence receive a reciprocal attention, concern, and information from the leaders (Zivnuska Gully, 2013). The nurses within the in-group also receive positive performance evaluation, support to desired work, and highe r promotion frequency. On the other hand, the out-group within the nursing workforce often only try to work to fulfill their contract obligations but do not receive any additional benefits or attentions since their interaction with the leaders is task-oriented and formal Hanse et al. (2014). It is a group with low LMX degree since the reciprocity with the communication strategies from the leader is often little. In such cases, the nurses involved are often concerned with self-fulfillment rather than meeting the objectives of the healthcare organization (Cogliser, 2015). As a result, the interaction between the nurses and the leaders is often formal. Practical strategy recommendations for improving the quality of LMX in nursing workplaces In his study, Stratton (2011) denotes that the overall nature and quality of the LMX relationships in a workplace vary depending on many factors. These include the size of the group, the challenge of the job whether extremely high or extremely low, overall workload, and the availability of financial resources. The same study denotes that the principle works onwards and upwards as well since the leader is also becoming a member of the inner cycle of their managers which is then shared downwards with the members (Laschinger, 2011). It hence gives a clear explanation as to why individuals at the low levels of organizations and have unusual powers tend to get it from the unbroken chain of the hierarchical circle. From the analysis of the theory, Torres (2014) denotes that it is advisable that every nurse should work hard to be part of the inner circle of a team and learn to take on more than his share of administrative and other tasks. Such a case requires nursing professionals to be reasonable, supportive towards solving organizational health and patient care challenges and demonstrating unswerving loyalty. On the other hand, Rubin (2011) also points out that leaders need to pick their inner circle with responsiveness and care and to reward them for their hard work and loyalty. They should also be very careful to ensure that they maintain a positive commitment to their patient care delivery for the betterment of the health care industry and professionalism as pointed out by Gupta (2015). Observations of information behaviors in leadership clearly show that the action and relationship of leaders are not the same towards the subordinate in a nursing workplace. The essentiality of this potential difference is clearly proven by the LMX theory showing that leadership consists of various dynamic relationships linking the followers and the leaders. In every healthcare organization, it is often easy to identify the out-group and in-group existence. In their study, Kacmar et al. (2013) denote that it polarizes the organizational performance and de-motivates its general success. However, it is an internal factor that always affects every health care organization. As a result, a good healthcare professional is required to continuously make efforts of expanding his in-group while adopting strategies that can lead to the reduction of the out-group. The following strategies can hence be adopted in ensuring the improvement of the quality of LMX within the nursing profession. Identifying the out-group- The leader of the health care center should identify the out-group of nurses; analyze their past and present performance. Such a strategy will be helpful in identifying the relevant key characteristics that can be adopted in exploring their interests to increase their unity and positive relationship with the leadership hence leading to better health care to patients (Wing, Xu, Snape, 2017). Exploration of the staff motivation- the leader, should adopt strategies that can initiate planned dialogs with the nurses. In doing this, Stanton and Casimir (2014) denote that the leader will have a better understanding of the subordinates career goals, personal aspirations, and task-related preferences. The motive of such an exercise will help the leader to test the willingness of the nurses in taking their patient care responsibilities and their ability to test and develop their confidence in the leadership of the workplace (Scholarios, 2014). The leader can thus obtain more feedback from the nurses who are the subordinate, an aspect that will also reduce his self-interest oriented strategies and approaches of dealing with the staff. Reducing de-motivation- In his study, Torres (2014) points out that it is essential to identify and understand what factors proves de-motivational just the same way it is to identify motivational factors for a workforce. According to the study, de-motivational factors among employees that can lead to low LMX include; Perceived contractual breach- occurs when an employee joins an organization when expecting to receive some reciprocal promises and expectations for his services that he then finds not available in the written contract (Winkel, 2016). In such a case, the employee will feel the organization has not lived to their expectations resulting into low LMX. Low willingness and ability- according to Hanse et al. (2014), a situational model of leadership recommends that low ability and willingness of a workforce towards the achievement of the goals and objectives of a company often force leaders to adopt a directive style. The resulting effect is commands and pressure on the employees to achieve deadlines hence resulting to low LMX. Cognitive similarities- when both the nurses and the leaders have similar behavior when it comes to finding solutions to different challenges, the situation is described as cognitive similarity (Clays, 2014). The cognitive similarity is hence resulting into a low LMX between the leadership of the organization and the nurses hence leading to poor patient care service provision Stratton (2011). Task characteristics- when tasks and responsibilities of the organization are unclear or unstructured, the LMX is often high as the work methods are new or not known to the workforce. Rubin (2011) denotes that challenging tasks often elevate the interest of the staff on going beyond their roles. The attention of the leaders is often high due to the risky nature of the task and the high demand of the subordinate in finding solutions to the challenging task (Kacmar et al., 2013). However, caution needs to taken especially for the nursing industry since unclear tasks make it hard for efficiency evaluation as well as the outcome of the nurses hence creating an opportunity for pseudo role expansion without a significant contribution to the patients of the organization. The resulting effect is a constrained environment for the leaders who are expected to nurture the relationship with the in-group (Wayne, Shore, Liden, 2011). Leaders have the responsibility of balancing the power while maintaining their position so as to ensure the inner cycle do not strike demands on their own without his concern (Gemmel, 2014). One way in which the LMX model implies for managers and leaders in an organization is that the type of relationship they have with the employees is very essential in influencing their interaction and performance (Wang et al., 2015). In his strategic analysis, Judge and Piccolo (2014) point out that relationships in the workplace naturally develops due to the personal interaction and the work-related relationships between the leaders and the workers. Since they naturally take place, some leaders are often not aware of the power which lies in them to develop the positive relationships. Janssen Van Yperen (2012) also denote that these relations hips have essential influence over the attitude and behavior of the employees. In work cases, they can potentially create negative work environment characterized by unfairness and favoritism. Such managers are often advised to take responsibilities of building these relationships by putting forth the effort to consciously cultivate these relationships. The leaders should also be open to form good and healthy relationships to employees from all backgrounds despite their permanent characteristic such as race age, disability status, and sex among other factors (Ilies, NahrgangMorgeson, 2017). The leaders should hence understand that they have the sole responsibility of preventing these relationships from the possibility of leading to unfair work environment as such can affect not only the nurses but even their attitude towards helping patients. The resulting effect can thus be poor healthcare performance and bad name for the healthcare providers (Ilies, Nahrgang, Morgeson, 2017). Conclusion The quality of the relationship between leaders and nursing practitioners in a workplace is reflected by respect, obligations, loyalty, support, and degree of mutual trust between them. However, it is very clear that most leaders offer their support to the inner cycle, an aspect they may even make him inflate their ratings even on poor performance. The out-group is often denied this kind of treatment as the leader have a belief that the in-group perform better and have a positive attitude towards the leader and the duties as well. The job satisfaction and effective performance are high in the in-group as they often receive more support towards mentorship, bonuses and salary increment, and promotions among other benefits that are not enjoyed by the out-group. From the literature analyses, it is evident that LMX is very practical and positively contributes to better communication between the leaders and the subordinate. For instance, it is easy to recognize or identify the out-group and in-group within the organization hence giving a clear reason as to why there is normally unequal contribution on individual performance. LMX provides a strong base of communication due to the importance of the various aspects of exchange and communication between the leaders and the staff. However, as conflict ethics and law governs the health industry to be fair while prohibiting discrimination, identifying in-group and out-group is a form of segregation. Additionally, there are no diagnostic methods that have been proven to the intention of the segregation on whether to promote the citizenship of the organization or its use for other purposes like a demotion of the out-group. The leaders should hence understand that they have the sole responsibility of pr eventing these relationships from the possibility of leading to unfair work environment as such can affect not only the nurses but even their attitude towards helping patients. References Cambra, R. (2010). Apprehension about speaking in the organizational setting. Psychological Reports, 45, 58. Clays, E. (2014). 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