Gabon A Country Of Crisis Essay - 764 Words

Gabon – A Country in Crisis Cameron Rozier APHG 6th period 10/2/16 Gabon is located in central Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the equator, between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea. It is an oil-producing state, with oil accounting for most of its exports and GDP production. Gabon has been growing recently but declines in the rate of increase is showing that it is late in its life of oil production. Like many oil-producing countries, Gabon is going through a boom-bust cycle and is nearing its bust stages. Gabon’s dependency on oil for its economic commerce will lead to a financial struggle in the upcoming years. Gabon has a GDP per capita four times that of most sub-Saharan African countries, but because of high-income inequality. A very large portion of the population is poor. Gabon relied on timber and manganese exports until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970’s. From 2010 to 2014, oil was approximately 80% of Gabon’s exports, 40% of its GDP, and 60% of its state budget revenues. Gabon faces fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports. A rebound in oil prices from 2001 to 2013 helped growth, but declining production, as some fields passed their peak production, has hampered Gabon from fully realizing potential gains. GDP grew nearly 6% per year over the 2010-14 period but slowed significantly in 2015 as oil prices declined. Low oil prices also weakened government revenue and negatively affected the trade and currentShow MoreRelatedBrazil: Environmental Problems and Solutions.2094 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The South American country of Brazil is well-known for its biodiversity and wealth of natural resources. The Amazon River and rainforest are located in Brazil, a country with more than 800,000 square miles of coastline, and a landmass so large that its borders touch all but two of its neighboring countries (Rich, 1999). 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The countries with oil realized instead of competing with one another on exports , it would be much more profitable to simply work together and cooperate in their production of oil, rather than compete. In doing this, these countries will then be able to influence the market magnitudes more. The first steps towards forming the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, (OPEC) began in 1949. Venezuela and IranRead MoreThe Price Of West Texas Intermediate1494 Words   |  6 Pagesthe case of what happened. OPEC, along with its lead producing country, Saudi Arabia, has been producing at their maximum production capacity in order to saturate the market as much as possible and drive oil prices down even lower. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, abbreviated OPEC, was formed in 1960 at the Baghdad Conference. OPEC’s official objective is â€Å"to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers;Read MoreEssay about OPEC Presentation1377 Words   |  6 Pages†¢Indonesia (1962) – suspended membership 01/2009 †¢Libya (1962) †¢United Arab Emirates (1967) †¢Algeria (1969) †¢Nigeria (1971) †¢Ecuador (1973) – suspended membership 1992-2007 †¢Angola (2007) †¢Gabon (1975–1994) Objectives of Opec †¢ OPECs objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investingRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Africa1461 Words   |  6 Pagesthe gold and diamond-rich Egypt and South Africa provided, caused the European conquest for Africa. Therefore the primary reason for European colonization in Africa was economic gain. Another factor was the desire for political dominance, in which countries like Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain competed for power that was demonstrated by acquiring territories around the world, including Africa. The Scramble for Africa was so intense that signs of international conflictsRead MoreOpec1276 Words   |  6 PagesOrganisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, is a name that has become synonymous with the worldwide petroleum market. But what does it do, who is involved and how important is OPEC to our day-to-day lives? This article aims to answer these basic questions in a clear and concise fashion. OPEC is a permanent organisation of 12 countries which are world-leaders in oil production. The primary aim of OPEC is to unify petroleum policies between its member countries, to ensure fair and stable oil prices

Review of Related Literature and Studies - 1069 Words

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES LOCAL LITERATURE Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science†¦show more content†¦Visual Basic support many useful tools that will help the user more productivity. Wilfredo Camarillo (2005) General Manager of RCSI stated that in the Philippines, Mini-Stop is the only convenience store that serves in-store prepared food products with dine-in corner for consumers, targeting the b and C household in Metro Manila. He said, â€Å"Right now, the company is very aggressive in the introduction of new products every other week, and continuously market and develop products that are not yet in convenience stores that the company believe are needed by our target market. At Mini-Stop, Camarillo further claimed that the stores are fully computerized and that the technology infrastructure is reliable to support the day-to-day operations of every store. Reynaldo b. Mendoza (2006) Manger of business Management Department at HPMC base in Laguna Technopark-Phase II in binan, Laguna says that Honda parts basically needed the most accurate and updated management information taken from different operating units. They think that computerizing the operating units, they will get the information that they need by pulling out from the system. Mr. Mendoza said they want to start slow but grow fast later on. They are looking at their bank sand suppliers to electronically communicate with them and exchange information. He also said that the only system computerized in HPMC is accounting GL system that was very limited. TheShow MoreRelatedReview of Related Literature and Studies1403 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Studies rely on information researched by the proponents. Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technologicalRead MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies1438 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related Literatures come from both Foreign and Local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related Studies come from both Foreign and Local Studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approachRead MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related literatures come from both foreign and local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related studies come from both foreign and local studies that has relationship or in relation on her study. Foreign Literature Culture-shaping is a methodological and comprehensive approachRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies3079 Words   |  13 PagesREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Several studies have been conducted here and abroad which have a direct and indirect bearing on the subject to be investigated in this study. A brief review of the related literature and studies are presented hereunder. Literature In the present educational system, studies based on the achievement levels of elementary and secondary students revealed that the equality of education has deteriorated over the years. In a recent UNESCO statistics Barsaga (2000)Read MoreReview Of Related Literature And Studies1921 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Various publications and studies related to the topic being studied were read and analyzed by the researcher to support the claims presented by this study. 2.1 Mobile Robot According to Al-Sahib (2015), the term robot is derived from the Czech word â€Å"robota† which means forced labor. Goris (2004) also said that a robot can be defined as a device that can execute automated tasks, either with the influence of direct human control, or a set of generalRead MoreRelated Literature and Review of Related Studies for Fertilizer1803 Words   |  8 PagesChapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies Related Literature Polystyrene Commonly known as Styrofoam that is one of the most widely used type of plastics. It is a strong  plastic  created from erethylene and benzine that can be injected, extruded, or blow molded; making it a very useful and versatile manufacturing material. It is also a rigid, transparent thermoplastic, which is present in solid or glassy state at normal temperature. But, when heated above its glass transition temperatureRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies (Autism)4684 Words   |  19 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies for both foreign and local underlying the framework of the study. Synthesis was also created based from the gathered information and facts in literature and studies. FOREIGN LITERATURES According to the study of the orbitofrontal–amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social–emotional behavior in autism that. Autism is centrally characterized by developmental disruption in social–emotionalRead MoreChapter2: Review of Related Literature and Studies1861 Words   |  8 PagesChapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the values reflected in the proverbs and the proverb as a reflection of Filipino character, its function in the society, its nature and purpose, its stylistic peculiarity and its significance in Filipino culture. Folklore Prof. Damiana Eugenio (2002), a renowned Filipina folklorist, said that there is no universally acceptedRead MoreImportant Consideration in Making a Research Paper820 Words   |  4 Pagesmost important early steps in a research project is the conducting of the literature review. This is also one of the most humbling experiences youre likely to have. Why? Because youre likely to find out that just about any worthwhile idea you will have has been thought of before, at least to some degree. I frequently have students who come to me complaining that they couldnt find anything in the literature that was related to their topic. And virtually every time they have said that, I was ableRead MoreA Literature Review : The Walden University Library Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesA literature review is an interpretation of arrays of circulating articles written by the scholar-authors’ of researchers related to several topics. A literature search for evidence-based research can be over powering. The Walden University library illuminates on the superlative quality of evidence-based research and which databases to utilize with research searches. Filtered resources are the superlative quality of studies related to evidence-based practice and encompasses systemic reviews, critically

LeaderMember Exchange in Contemporary Nursing

Question: Discuss about the LeaderMember Exchange in Contemporary Nursing. Answer: Introduction According to the report by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EASHW), every organization should focus on its managerial significance and role in the improvement of the psychosocial working environment for its employees (Cogliser, 2015). In their study, Gupta (2015) points out that leadership and the successful performance of an organization are dependent on the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX). Various researches also denotes that LMX is essential in determining the quality of the dynamic working relationship between the leaders of the organization and the employees based on the interrelated dimensions such as respect, trust, and mutual obligation (Torres, 2014). For instance, Hunt (2014) points out that when the leader provides the necessary resources in a beneficial and fair manner, the employees will have a positive view of the relationship. It will be reciprocated through increased effort and commitment to work hence resulting in high performance and good r elationship. The theory has it that the relationship between the leaders and the subordinates ranges from those based on those characterized by reciprocal influence, trust, and respect to those based on the formal employment contract (Kacmar et al., 2013). The Scope of the Paper The quality of LMX in the organization is associated with positive work attitudes, well-being, performance, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Hanse et al. (2014), also point out that adverse psychological factors of workforce increase the risks to ill-health such us burnout, sickness absence, stress-related disorders, and labor turnover among healthcare workers. The healthcare workers are often experiencing high workplace stress levels leading to a higher risk of mental health complications than other occupational groups Gupta (2015). This paper hence aims at examining the associated relationship between the LMX and nursing professionalism.The paper evaluates the LMX theory, related inter-communication, and the strategic recommendations that can be adopted by healthcare leaders in the nursing industry to improve the quality of LMX in the industry. The main information presented in this paper will be conducted through secondary research with sophisticated sources from d atabases such as EBSCO and Google Scholars available in the web. Leader-Member Exchange Theory Leader-Member Exchange LMX theory mainly describes how the management and leadership in groups maintain their relationship and position in a series of intra-communication strategies and exchange of agreements with the members as pointed out by Hanse et al. (2014). Having emerged in the 1970s, the theory mainly focuses on the development of relationships between leaders and members of their team. In their study, Kacmar et al. (2013) denote that leaders and managers of groups and organizations often develop special relationships with the inner circle of trusted advisors, assistants, and lieutenants to whom they give a high level of decision influence, access to resources, and responsibilities. The group is referred to as the in-group and often works harder, more committed to task goals and objectives, and share most of the administrative duties. In his review, Rubin (2011) points out that this particular group is expected to be loyal to the leadership and fully committed to the assigne d responsibilities while sharing more of the administrative tasks. However, the out-group consists of members who are often given a low level of influence and choice. The resulting effect is a constrained environment for the leaders who are expected to nurture the relationship with the in-group. Leaders have the responsibility of balancing the power while maintaining their position so as to ensure the inner cycle do not strike demands on their own without his concern. After joining any group or organization, Stratton (2011) points out that every individual or employee must find themselves in these kinds of relationships that often start in three stages. The stages include the role taking, role making, and routinization as denoted by Kunze (2016). Role taking- At this stage, an individual joins a team while the leader is assessing their talents and abilities based on the duties within the organization, from which the leader will offer them the opportunities for the demonstration of their capabilities. At this stage also, Gupta (2015) points out that both parties are at the point of learning or discovering the behavior of the other party regarding respect, performance, duty, etc. Role taking- it is the second phase where the member and the leader take part in an informal and unstructured negotiation. The responsibilities and roles are given to the member while the often-tacit promises of benefits and power in return for loyalty, trust, and dedication takes place. Gupta (2015) points out that building trust between the parties is very essential at this point and any form of betrayal mainly by the managers or leaders results in the member relegating him or herself to the out-group. The same study also denotes that the negotiation process at this stage includes relationship factors and pure working strategies with a promise that hard work and positivity in various ways to give the member a successful frontier. According to Kumbra (2010), it is perhaps the reason as to why same-gender relationships are often more successful than mixed-gender ones as it also affects the first stage respect development, an aspect that is experienced in both racial and cultural diff erences. Routinization- It is the phase of establishment of a continuous social exchange between the leader and the member. Successful members are often similar to the leader in many ways, perhaps an explanation of why most of the senior teams are often male, white, middle-aged, and middle-class according to Hunt (2014). In ensuring that the relationship is maintained, these inner cycle members are often patient, sensitive, empathetic, reasonable and good at evaluating the viewpoint of other members and specifically the leader. On the other hand, the out-group often suffers from sarcasm, aggression, and egocentric behavior as pointed out by Cogliser (2015). Importance of leader-member exchange intra-communication Leaders with high LMX in their style of operation have been found to experience multiple personal and organizational benefits. For instance, Gupta (2015) identifies increased followers self-efficiency and more voluntary initiatives from the employees in relation to the in-groups as compared to the out-groups. The leaders hence train their juniors within the in-group towards exercising their leadership skills to make the work more effective while taking higher risks in the attempt of accomplishing a mission according to Sparrowe and Liden (2014). The leaders are thus able to extend leadership capabilities to the juniors and build networks that can influence others towards high-quality performance that at the end can even get the leaders promoted. In the nursing environment, high LMX within the organization will promote the performance of the nurses who will, in turn, show higher job satisfaction and lower turnover intentions resulting in a positive employee citizenship behavior and be tter patient care. According to Hunt (2014), the focus on the relationships between followers and leaders is as well beneficial for other specific supervisory responsibilities mainly those in the middle management. It is this kind of relationship that determines the influence towards job satisfaction and increased organizational benefits. As a result, Hanse et al. (2014) point out that every employee in the nursing industry with high-quality LMX relationships often experiences a great access to organizational resources from leaders. They are often in-group who are assured of more work-based benefits that the out-group with poor quality relationships. LMX hence gives the group a more rapid career progression experience as well as a higher perception of the organizational influence of the employee. In his review, Gupta (2015) asserts that more responsible and complex nursing roles are often assigned to nurses with higher levels of respect, obligation, and trust based on the supervisor- employee relations hip. The resulting impact of high-quality relationship LMX hence means a positive work experience thus performance and effective nursing care outcomes. The nature of communication within the workforce- Rubin (2011) points out that there is often an element of satisfaction when there is proper communication between the management and the staff on various aspects and responsibilities of the organization. The satisfaction in communication can boost the level of LMX in the nursing industry. For instance, personal or interpersonal communication between co-workers and leaders often provides the sense of organizational citizenship to the nurses that they are part of the organization whose contribution to its success is respected and valued. In their review, Hanse et al. (2014) point out that the higher the decisional power of a leader within the hierarchy of the organization, the higher the staff gets motivated and satisfied. As a result, the influence can be felt both in strategic (decision-making related aspects) and work-related in relation to task assignments and performance review (Cogliser, 2015). The same study adds that more transp arency between the workforce and the leaders of an organization leads to confidence and motivation for the members in regard to their focus o career goals and exceeding patient expectations in the case of nursing care. Leader-member exchange exploration and discussion in nursing According to Gupta (2012), leader-member exchange mainly focuses on the interaction between the leadership of the organization. Gupta contends that every leadership outcome is dependent on the nature and existence of interaction expressed by the leaders as they often have discretion, limited time, and positional power. In the nursing environment, such leaders will often attempt to maximize their leadership outcomes by allocating duties to trusted nurses within the in-group. Morgeson (2015) denotes that unlike other theories that were either subordinate centric or leader-centric, LMX examines the dynamic relationship between the two approaches as the major contributors of effective leadership in a workplace. Unlike other leadership theories that that views subordinate as a team or a group, LMX often considers every individual in a team as a contributor to the success or failure of the organization. In the nursing industry, the theory recognizes two major types of relationships based on the nature of the interaction between the leaders and the subordinate staff as pointed out by Jordan and Troth (2011). Within the nursing industry, the in-group nurses often go beyond their expected responsibilities and possess a constructive approach to tasks. According to Hanse et al. (2014), they are often viewed as the staff that proactive in seeking to ensure success in the leadership roles. They are hence forming the high-quality LMX in-group with positive outcomes in their patient care roles for better healthcare provision since they negotiate and initiate their role expansion beyond the job description. Their relationship with the leaders is often of mutual trust, and respects hence receive a reciprocal attention, concern, and information from the leaders (Zivnuska Gully, 2013). The nurses within the in-group also receive positive performance evaluation, support to desired work, and highe r promotion frequency. On the other hand, the out-group within the nursing workforce often only try to work to fulfill their contract obligations but do not receive any additional benefits or attentions since their interaction with the leaders is task-oriented and formal Hanse et al. (2014). It is a group with low LMX degree since the reciprocity with the communication strategies from the leader is often little. In such cases, the nurses involved are often concerned with self-fulfillment rather than meeting the objectives of the healthcare organization (Cogliser, 2015). As a result, the interaction between the nurses and the leaders is often formal. Practical strategy recommendations for improving the quality of LMX in nursing workplaces In his study, Stratton (2011) denotes that the overall nature and quality of the LMX relationships in a workplace vary depending on many factors. These include the size of the group, the challenge of the job whether extremely high or extremely low, overall workload, and the availability of financial resources. The same study denotes that the principle works onwards and upwards as well since the leader is also becoming a member of the inner cycle of their managers which is then shared downwards with the members (Laschinger, 2011). It hence gives a clear explanation as to why individuals at the low levels of organizations and have unusual powers tend to get it from the unbroken chain of the hierarchical circle. From the analysis of the theory, Torres (2014) denotes that it is advisable that every nurse should work hard to be part of the inner circle of a team and learn to take on more than his share of administrative and other tasks. Such a case requires nursing professionals to be reasonable, supportive towards solving organizational health and patient care challenges and demonstrating unswerving loyalty. On the other hand, Rubin (2011) also points out that leaders need to pick their inner circle with responsiveness and care and to reward them for their hard work and loyalty. They should also be very careful to ensure that they maintain a positive commitment to their patient care delivery for the betterment of the health care industry and professionalism as pointed out by Gupta (2015). Observations of information behaviors in leadership clearly show that the action and relationship of leaders are not the same towards the subordinate in a nursing workplace. The essentiality of this potential difference is clearly proven by the LMX theory showing that leadership consists of various dynamic relationships linking the followers and the leaders. In every healthcare organization, it is often easy to identify the out-group and in-group existence. In their study, Kacmar et al. (2013) denote that it polarizes the organizational performance and de-motivates its general success. However, it is an internal factor that always affects every health care organization. As a result, a good healthcare professional is required to continuously make efforts of expanding his in-group while adopting strategies that can lead to the reduction of the out-group. The following strategies can hence be adopted in ensuring the improvement of the quality of LMX within the nursing profession. Identifying the out-group- The leader of the health care center should identify the out-group of nurses; analyze their past and present performance. Such a strategy will be helpful in identifying the relevant key characteristics that can be adopted in exploring their interests to increase their unity and positive relationship with the leadership hence leading to better health care to patients (Wing, Xu, Snape, 2017). Exploration of the staff motivation- the leader, should adopt strategies that can initiate planned dialogs with the nurses. In doing this, Stanton and Casimir (2014) denote that the leader will have a better understanding of the subordinates career goals, personal aspirations, and task-related preferences. The motive of such an exercise will help the leader to test the willingness of the nurses in taking their patient care responsibilities and their ability to test and develop their confidence in the leadership of the workplace (Scholarios, 2014). The leader can thus obtain more feedback from the nurses who are the subordinate, an aspect that will also reduce his self-interest oriented strategies and approaches of dealing with the staff. Reducing de-motivation- In his study, Torres (2014) points out that it is essential to identify and understand what factors proves de-motivational just the same way it is to identify motivational factors for a workforce. According to the study, de-motivational factors among employees that can lead to low LMX include; Perceived contractual breach- occurs when an employee joins an organization when expecting to receive some reciprocal promises and expectations for his services that he then finds not available in the written contract (Winkel, 2016). In such a case, the employee will feel the organization has not lived to their expectations resulting into low LMX. Low willingness and ability- according to Hanse et al. (2014), a situational model of leadership recommends that low ability and willingness of a workforce towards the achievement of the goals and objectives of a company often force leaders to adopt a directive style. The resulting effect is commands and pressure on the employees to achieve deadlines hence resulting to low LMX. Cognitive similarities- when both the nurses and the leaders have similar behavior when it comes to finding solutions to different challenges, the situation is described as cognitive similarity (Clays, 2014). The cognitive similarity is hence resulting into a low LMX between the leadership of the organization and the nurses hence leading to poor patient care service provision Stratton (2011). Task characteristics- when tasks and responsibilities of the organization are unclear or unstructured, the LMX is often high as the work methods are new or not known to the workforce. Rubin (2011) denotes that challenging tasks often elevate the interest of the staff on going beyond their roles. The attention of the leaders is often high due to the risky nature of the task and the high demand of the subordinate in finding solutions to the challenging task (Kacmar et al., 2013). However, caution needs to taken especially for the nursing industry since unclear tasks make it hard for efficiency evaluation as well as the outcome of the nurses hence creating an opportunity for pseudo role expansion without a significant contribution to the patients of the organization. The resulting effect is a constrained environment for the leaders who are expected to nurture the relationship with the in-group (Wayne, Shore, Liden, 2011). Leaders have the responsibility of balancing the power while maintaining their position so as to ensure the inner cycle do not strike demands on their own without his concern (Gemmel, 2014). One way in which the LMX model implies for managers and leaders in an organization is that the type of relationship they have with the employees is very essential in influencing their interaction and performance (Wang et al., 2015). In his strategic analysis, Judge and Piccolo (2014) point out that relationships in the workplace naturally develops due to the personal interaction and the work-related relationships between the leaders and the workers. Since they naturally take place, some leaders are often not aware of the power which lies in them to develop the positive relationships. Janssen Van Yperen (2012) also denote that these relations hips have essential influence over the attitude and behavior of the employees. In work cases, they can potentially create negative work environment characterized by unfairness and favoritism. Such managers are often advised to take responsibilities of building these relationships by putting forth the effort to consciously cultivate these relationships. The leaders should also be open to form good and healthy relationships to employees from all backgrounds despite their permanent characteristic such as race age, disability status, and sex among other factors (Ilies, NahrgangMorgeson, 2017). The leaders should hence understand that they have the sole responsibility of preventing these relationships from the possibility of leading to unfair work environment as such can affect not only the nurses but even their attitude towards helping patients. The resulting effect can thus be poor healthcare performance and bad name for the healthcare providers (Ilies, Nahrgang, Morgeson, 2017). Conclusion The quality of the relationship between leaders and nursing practitioners in a workplace is reflected by respect, obligations, loyalty, support, and degree of mutual trust between them. However, it is very clear that most leaders offer their support to the inner cycle, an aspect they may even make him inflate their ratings even on poor performance. The out-group is often denied this kind of treatment as the leader have a belief that the in-group perform better and have a positive attitude towards the leader and the duties as well. The job satisfaction and effective performance are high in the in-group as they often receive more support towards mentorship, bonuses and salary increment, and promotions among other benefits that are not enjoyed by the out-group. From the literature analyses, it is evident that LMX is very practical and positively contributes to better communication between the leaders and the subordinate. For instance, it is easy to recognize or identify the out-group and in-group within the organization hence giving a clear reason as to why there is normally unequal contribution on individual performance. LMX provides a strong base of communication due to the importance of the various aspects of exchange and communication between the leaders and the staff. However, as conflict ethics and law governs the health industry to be fair while prohibiting discrimination, identifying in-group and out-group is a form of segregation. Additionally, there are no diagnostic methods that have been proven to the intention of the segregation on whether to promote the citizenship of the organization or its use for other purposes like a demotion of the out-group. The leaders should hence understand that they have the sole responsibility of pr eventing these relationships from the possibility of leading to unfair work environment as such can affect not only the nurses but even their attitude towards helping patients. References Cambra, R. (2010). Apprehension about speaking in the organizational setting. Psychological Reports, 45, 58. Clays, E. (2014). The impact of organizational support and leader-member exchange on the work-related behaviour of nursing professionals: the moderating effect of professional and organizational identification.Journal Of Advanced Nursing,70(2), 373-382. doi:10.1111/jan.12201 Cogliser, C. (2015). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Research: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Measurement, and Data-Analytic Practices.Leadership Quarterly. (1):63113. Gemmel, P. (2014). The importance of social exchange to nurses and nurse assistants: impact on retention factors.Journal Of Nursing Management,22(5), 563-571. doi:10.1111/jonm.12039 Guneri, B. (2008). Leadermember exchange, organizational identification and the mediating role of job involvement for nurses.Journal Of Advanced Nursing,64(4), 354-362. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04809.x Gupta, A. (2015). Leader Member Exchange, Journal of practical management, 5(4):44860. https://practical-management.com/Leadership-Development/Leader-Member-Exchange.html

Beethoven Pastoral Symphony free essay sample

Beethoven was one of the pivotal composers that helped music evolve from the Classical period into the age of Romanticism. When discussing Beethovens success in classical compositions, his symphonies are at the forefront of most if not every conversation. However, even within the topic of his symphonies, some are naturally highlighted more than others. For example, one could reproduce the melody from either the opening movement of the Fifth or the finale of the Ninth and a majority of people would be able to recognize them.While these two works were revolutionary n the progression of symphonic music, they were not the only ones to have played important roles in this sense. Beethovens Pastoral Symphony is a pivotal work in the expansion of music with programmatic characteristics. However, this symphony Is one that sways between the realms of absolute and program music, for It can be identified with both categories of symphonic music. We will write a custom essay sample on Beethoven Pastoral Symphony or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While it is highly unlikely that Beethoven viewed this composition as a truly programmatic piece, the Sixth Symphony has played an important role in the development of the symphony as a genre and Influenced future composers of program music as well. In order to discuss the significance of the Pastoral Symphony, one must first shed light on the difference of program music from that of absolute music. Author R. W. S.Mendel describes absolute music as being that which gives us pleasure by the sheer delight In sound patterns without having any emotional, pictorial, or literary references and claims that music with programmatic content attempt(s) to represent scenes, objects, or events which exist apart from music. It is hard to gauge the amount of programmatic works prior to the Pastoral Symphony, simply due o the fact that the term program music was not used as a defining category of music at the time of their release.An surnamed eighth of all symphonic works that were presented before Beethovens Sixth Symphony were composed with the intent of conveying particular images or scenes. It would seem that with such a small percentage of varying works that were composed to contain programmatic ideas, labeling these works with a universal genre proved to be somewhat difficult. With the expansion of this style of writing, naturally the encompassing term program music would become associated with such pieces.Around the time of Beethovens imposing, music was undergoing a shift from the Classical period Into an age of Romanticism. Compositions were expanding In numerous ways regarding form, orchestration, and harmonies that were being implemented. Beethoven has been called the innovator who broke through the limitations of Classicism without abandoning them. This is truly evident through his symphonic writing.While on the cusp of the Romantic era, it became evident to him that the stature of absolute music was on the rise. Lewis Lockwood states that from a compositional aspect, Beethoven looked down upon program music for its seemingly shallow representation of actual mounds and lack of originality. In response to this rising style of music, he composed the Pastoral Symphony with the Intent of merging illustrative Ideas of programmatic music with the structure of absolute music.Beethoven successfully achieved a blend of programmatic and absolute ideas with this symphony, in order to create an overall 1 OFF and its five movements are labeled with titles that were created by Beethoven himself, he believed that the overall pastoral idea of this work could be perceived by the audience without a description that would usually be necessary with a complete program piece. It is this idea that helped Beethoven create the title as it can be lilied on early sketches, Pastoral Symphony or Memories of Country Life: More the Expression of Feeling than Tone-painting. It would appear that Beethoven intended to create a general mood that expresses the idea of nature rather than rely on specific images or one precise story to achieve this. Despite Beethovens general feelings towards program music and his conscious efforts to claim that the Sixth Symphony was more a collection of overall feelings rather than an attempt at creating one specific image, this piece is neither absolute or programmatic music but lend of the two styles.The first point in this argument would be the fact that Beethoven attached titles to each of the five movements within this symphony that depict certain scenes associated with pastoral ideas. The headings for the movements are as follow: Pleasant feelings which are awakened in mankind on arrival in the country, Scene by the brook, Joyful fellowship of country folk, Thunder and Storm, and Beneficent feeling after the storm Joined with thanks to the deity. He mere fact that this symphony is the only one of his nine to contain subtitles attached to each movement that describe a scene of nature favors the thought of the symphony being more programmatic than absolute. However, if one were to look past the movement headings and take into consideration the content of the music, one would observe that the first two movements contain very little defined imagery. From an analytical perspective of the form, the first half of the symphony is rather conventional and resembles the absolute approach to music.These movements hold true to the subheading for the symphony in regards to creating overall feelings rather than one precise painting or story. While there are compositional device s used to help convey the pastoral feeling within the first half of the symphony, it is not until the end of the second movement that Beethoven truly utilizes extra musical associations to convey imagery. This andante movement entitled Scene by the brook ends with the flute, oboe, and clarinet engaged in a coda while imitating birdcages. He composer himself labeled these three woodwind voices as a nightingale, a quail, and a cuckoo, respectively. These birdcages have led to several debates, discussions, and even complete articles that attempt to analyze the true meaning of their existence in the piece. No matter how they are interpreted, one fact remains still. Ere birdcages act as segues from the symphonic first half to the more programmatic portion of the piece. The second half of the Sixth Symphony ventures away from conventional symphonic composing techniques found in the first two movements and includes more programmatic material.A strong indication of programmatic material resides within the later half of the symphony, where Beethoven includes several pastoral elements to enhance the musical imagery. The third movement consists of excited melodies in a compound-meter stylized scherzo representing country- dances. There are several points within this movement that have a drone in the bass that has been viewed as a depiction of bagpipes, an instrument that was frequently associated with the representation of pastoral ideas.This Jovial dance-like storm is clearly an example of tone-painting with its explosive minor chords that represent thunder and lightning and the constant patter of rain in the strings lines. Another significant feature added to the symphony that aids the pastoral image is the use of a ran des apaches in the final movement. The ran des apaches was an alpine horn call that herdsmen used to summon cattle. Author, David Wynn Jones totes in his book that common features of ran des apaches melodies are: triadic motion, dotted 6/8 meter Frequent use of grace notes, all harmonize mainly by the tonic triad. While looking at the horn call that Beethoven uses within his symphony, one would notice that it meets all of the criteria that Jones listed. The imagery associated with the Pastoral Symphony depicts scenes from nature, which was a subject close to Beethovens heart. Through Journal entries and letters, one can deduce Beethovens love for nature. The following is a letter to Austrian musician and friend, Threes Militia in 1810 that depicts his feelings about the outdoors: How fortunate you are to have been able to go to the country so early in the year!Not before the 8th shall I be able to enjoy this delight: I look forward to it with childish anticipation. How glad I shall be to wander about amidst shrubs, forests, trees, herbs and rocks! No man can love the country as I do. For it is forests, trees and rocks that provide men with the resonance they desire. Through this letter and several other firsthand records, one can clearly see Beethovens infatuation for the outdoors and the Justifiable reason to compose a piece that commemorates this love. It makes sense that the first large-scale work hat includes extensive amounts of imagery would reflect the thing that he admired most.Along with the simple beauty of nature, there were other factors that influenced Beethoven while writing his Sixth Symphony. The inclusion of nature and rustic ideas within music was not uncommon to composers prior to Beethoven. Pastoral subjects could be found in several theatrical presentations, operas, and intermezzo from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. One notable work that inspired the development of the Pastoral Symphony was an oratorio written by Franz Joseph Haydn, his teacher and mentor early on in his composing career.Heydays oratorio, The Seasons, had an impact on Beethoven while he wrote his Sixth Symphony. Haydn incorporates repatriated horn calls in the aria Deer muter Hire that begin a sequence of summer scenes that will [eventually lead] to the storm later in the oratorio. Similarly, Beethoven opens the fifth and final movement of his symphony with an repatriated melody in the French horns that subsequently signify the end of the storm that took place in the previous movement.Another example of musical quotation that Beethoven purposely incorporated is an oboe melody that has long been understood as a quotation from Bachs chorale Birch an, o Such ¶ones Morphologic, from the second part of the Christmas Oratorio It is worth mentioning that prior to Beethovens Pastoral Symphony, there had been other symphonic works to contain sections that resemble thunderstorms. Several commentaries on the Pastoral and its development discuss the 18th century German composer, Justine Heimlich Knight and his piece entitled La Portrait musical De la nature. This work seems to contain similar programmatic ideas as that of Beethovens nature that resumes after the storm. In addition to preceding compositions that influenced Beethovens writings, there has been the suggestion for the possible influence from the literary writings of Scottish poet James Thomson, mostly that of his well known poems collectively titled The Seasons. While there is no concrete evidence that Beethoven took inspiration from this poem, some scholars feel that the poem possibly had an underlying effect on the outcome of the Pastoral Symphony.The text of the poem discusses nature, progressing through the four seasons starting with spring and ending with winter. The poem was translated to German in 1745 and served as a basis for Heydays oratorio that shares the same name. As discussed earlier, Beethoven drew inspiration from Heydays oratorio, so it would seem that he was indirectly influenced from the poetry of James Thomson for this reason even if he had no connection to the actual literature itself.So far there have been factors that support both sides of the argument in trying to define the Pastoral Symphony as either a work of absolute music, or one depicting tone painting. The mere fact that the piece contains an appropriate amount of material that Justifies both categories, one should agree that this work could be viewed as the perfect synthesis of the two ides of the symphonic spectrum. The next step in understanding the influence that the Pastoral Symphony had on future composers of both absolute and programmatic works would naturally be to look at the general reception of the premiere of this piece.The Sixth Symphony received its first public performance on December 22nd, 1808 along with Beethovens Fifth Symphony. Beethoven worked on these two symphonies simultaneously in the years leading up to this concert. At this time however, the symphonies were labeled opposite of what they are viewed as today, which means that the Pastoral was written ND performed as Beethovens fifth symphony, while the C-minor was viewed as his sixth. Over the course of time it would seem as though the Fifth Symphony has overpowered the Pastoral in the minds of audience me mbers.While this may be true to some extent today, at the time, critics were singing praises to this wonderful portrayal of nature through melody and harmony. A review of the score in the musical Journal of the time, Alignment musicales Getting, was typical in saying such things as this work of Beethoven, wonderful, original, and full of life, which can e placed without hesitation besides his other masterworks When comparing it to other compositions that focused on imagery of programmatic material, one critic claimed that none of the musical paintings known until now can withstand comparison Overall, the piece was welcomed positively and viewed as a representation for composers who desired to use programmatic features. Some of the compositional styles that would soon develop through the Romantic period can trace influence from Beethovens Sixth Symphony. When discussing compositions that drew inspiration from the Pastoral Symphony, one should mention Hector Berliners programmatic work, Symphonies Fantastical. As a composer, Burlier was an advocate for music with more programmatic tendencies and was viewed as a radical composer during his time.Atone point in his career, Burlier wrote critical reviews of Beethovens nine symphonies. When discussing the Sixth, he used descriptions such as, delightful phrases [that] greet you, like the perfumed morning descriptions that Burlier gave, it comes as no surprise that he would find inspiration from this piece for his own writing. Author, Owen Lander views the second movement n Beethovens symphony entitled Scene by the Brook as an obvious point of departure for the Scene in the Meadows in Berliners Symphonies Fantastical.As mentioned earlier, Beethovens second movement has been the topic of several discussions concerning the Sixth Symphony, specifically, the imitation of birdcages that can be found at the close of the movement. Lander believes the calls to symbolize Beethovens acceptance of his growing deafness and his own fate. If one IS to agree with this interpretation, then the connection to Berliners Symphonies Fantastical becomes one that is easy to accept. Berliners third movement, entitled Scene in the Meadows opens with the English horn and the oboe representing two shepherds that are calling to one another.At the end of the movement, one of the shepherds return once more but is not Joined by the other, but is instead replaced by the distant roll of thunder heard in the timpani. Those familiar with the piece and TTS program know that the concluding two movements that follow represent a personal hell and damnation for the protagonist. The connection between both that of Beethovens and Berliners works would be the idea that both composers are aware f their own fate and accept it through the illustration of music.Another composer that was potentially influenced by the Pastoral Symphony was that of th e German opera composer, Richard Wagner. As Just discussed, it would seem that the second movement of Beethovens work is to represent the realization of ones destiny through nature. In Wagers opera, Siegfried, there are scenes Nothing the second act that take place in the forest. In which, the main character, Siegfried learns of his destiny from the ability to understand a forest bird. This situation is the exact opposite from that of Beethovens, where the composer realizes is destiny through the discovery that he can no longer hear.Two compositions that Nerve separated by nearly one hundred years, both contain similar imagery that represents a persons realization and acceptance of their destiny through nature. Ere chances of this being a coincidence seem rather unlikely. To say that that dovecotes Pastoral inspired Wagers use of nature within this opera would be a fair conclusion. When discussing Beethoven, the Sixth Symphony may not be a piece that comes to mind right away; one might rather recall themes from other symphonies by him. However, the importance of this piece in the evolution of the symphony as a genre is too important to go overlooked.The mere fact that out of the nine symphonies that Beethoven wrote, the Sixth was the only one to receive a programmatic title and descriptive scenes attached to the movements is an indication at the significance of this work. It may not have directly influenced several composers in the years that followed as far as content is concerned, but Beethovens ability to combine aspects of program music with the absoluteness of a symphony opened the door to possibilities for future composers on both sides of the spectrum.

Sustainable and Unsustainable Development Essay Example

Sustainable and Unsustainable Development Paper Sustainable Development Concept Sustainable development is a pattern of social and structured economic transformations (i. e. development) which optimizes the economic and societal benefits available in the present, without jeopardizing the likely potential for similar benefits in the future. A primary goal of sustainable development is to achieve a reasonable and equitably distributed level of economic well-being that can be perpetuated continually for many human generations. Sustainable development implies using renewable natural resources in a manner which does not eliminate or degrade them, or otherwise diminish their usefulness for future generations. It further implies using non-renewable (exhaustible) mineral resources in a manner which does not unnecessarily preclude easy access to them by future generations. Sustainable development also requires depleting non-renewable energy resources at a slow enough rate so as to ensure the high probability of an orderly society transition to renewable energy sources. Sustainable development is a broad concept covering the way in which human activities impact on economic development, the environment and social well-being. It is generally accepted that both governments and industry should promote development that is sustainable in all three dimensions, but practical application of the concept is complex because its objective assessment is elusive. While the concept can be readily and widely accepted in general terms, a consensus viewpoint on the value of individual actions is more difficult to achieve because of the absence of criteria permitting objective assessment of their â€Å"sustainable† qualities. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable and Unsustainable Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable and Unsustainable Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable and Unsustainable Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some of the areas that come under the scope of sustainable development are : Agriculture Biotechnology Energy Forests Water etc. Sustainable development is said to set limits on the developing world. While current first world countries polluted significantly during their development, the same countries encourage third world countries to reduce pollution, which sometimes impedes growth. Some consider that the implementation of sustainable development would mean a reversion to pre-modern lifestyles. Sustainability in Construction Industry Sustainable Construction is the application of sustainable development to the construction industry. There is an increasing demand, in both the private and public sectors, to understand sustainable construction practices. This demand is driven by a realisation that sustainable practices make sense to both owners and operators. The practices not only help the environment but can also improve economic profitability and improve relationships with stakeholder groups. The diagram below explains how sustainable development is implemented within the construction industrys private and public sectors. Many construction companies are involved in implementing sustainable development practices and have made sustainability a key part of the design and construction process; many companies in India have successfully constructed â€Å"Green Buildings†. Green buildings are constructions in which resources like energy, water, and materials are used efficiently, through better design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal of waste, reducing negative impacts on human health and the environment. The reason for going green or adopting sustainable development practices is literally a no brainer, as a green building constructed using sustainable development practices provides many benefits both tangible and intangible, starting from the immediate cost savings in terms of energy and water consumption to a healthy and productive environment for work. Some of the initiatives by construction companies are listed below: ITC Green Centre is the worlds largest green building with space of 170,000 square feet, and also the first non-commercial complex in the country to be awarded the USGBC-LEED platinum rating the highest in the order. In collaboration with Canadian plastics major Nova Chemicals, Reliance Industries will be designing and constructing energy-efficient buildings in India. Indias first internationally certified green building that houses the Confederation of Indian Industry-Sohrabji Godrej Business Centre spread over 16,000 square feet was set up in Hyderabad in 2003. Today, the public and private construction companies in India have applied sustainable development practices prevalent in the industry to construct over 25 million square feet of registered green building expanse, which is all set to touch a 100 million square feet by 2010–12. Unsustainable development in the Energy sector Unsustainability can be defined as a practice or process that cant go on indefinitely because it is destroying the very conditions on which it depends. Agriculture development is at crossroads today. Despite an agricultural revolution in the developing world over the course of a single generation that has produced enormous benefits for farmers, consumers and economies, a number of second generation challenges in agricultural transformation have emerged. Issues such as disparities in agricultural growth, problem of food insecurity and decreasing diversity, plateauing productivity in certain crops, growing ecological imbalance and unsustainable agricultural practices have come to fore. Ironically, a large proportion of the rural community continues to live in regions with poor quality soils and unpredictable rainfall, and remote from agricultural services and markets, deprived of the gains of agricultural revolution. Water harvesting is defined as the process of collecting and concentrating runoff water from a runoff area into a run-on area, where the collected water is either directly applied to the cropping area and stored in the soil profile for immediate use by the crop, i. e. runoff farming, or stored in an on-farm water reservoir for future productive uses, i. . domestic use, livestock watering, aquaculture irrigation. The collected water can also be used for groundwater recharge and storage into the aquifer, i. e. recharge enhancement. Source FAO, 2003. Rainfall failure occurs once every 3 to 5 years and is usually below 50% of the average annual rainfall of the region. During periods of rainfall failure, the groundwater level lowers since fluctuations in the water table levels depend on the rainfall when both surface and groundwater availability becomes critical. Drought begins to prevail and there is a difficulty to cope up with the water demand during this period. Similarly, in some locations or areas water shortage is observed just before the rainy season commences. These two situations can be managed if suitable soil and moisture conservation measures are systematically implemented on a small watershed basis. Watershed development and management implies an integration of technologies within the natural boundary of a drainage area for optimum development of land, water and plant resources, to meet the peoples basic needs in a sustained manner. A watershed is an area from which runoff resulting from precipitation flows past a single point into a large stream, river, lake or pond. Each watershed is an independent hydrological unit. It has become an acceptable unit of planning for optimum use and conservation of soil and water resources. The concept of integrated watershed development refers to the development and management of the resources in the watershed to achieve higher sustainable production without deterioration in the resource base and any ecological imbalances. This concept requires the formulation and implementation of a package of programs with activities for optimum resource use in the watershed without adversely affecting the soil and water base or life supporting system. The concept assumes more importance in the context of planning for sustained development. Watershed development aims at preventing watershed degradation resulting from the interaction of physiographic features. It eliminates unscientific land use, inappropriate cropping patterns and soil erosion, thereby improving and sustaining productivity of resources leading to higher income and living standards for the inhabitants in the watershed area. It, therefore, involves restoration of the ecosystem, protecting and utilizing the locally available resources within a watershed to achieve sustainable development. Water harvesting is a proven technology to increase food security in drought prone areas and helps to erosion control and recharge of ground water for future demand.

The eNotes Blog Positive Development in Negative Spaces Anne Frank and PeterSchiff

Positive Development in Negative Spaces Anne Frank and PeterSchiff Despite her own fears as well as the horrors going on outside the crowded annexe where Anne Frank and her family were hiding from the Nazis, Anne, like many girls her age, was mooning over a boy.   His name was Peter Schiff and Anne recalls a poignant dream about him in one of her candid entries.   She writes: This morning I woke up just before seven and immediately remembered what Id been dreaming about. I was sitting on a chair and across from me was Peter Peter Schiff the dream was so vivid Peters eyes suddenly met mine and I stared for a long time into those velvety brown eyes. Then he said very softly: If only Id known Id have come to you long ago. I turned away abruptly, overcome by emotion. And then I felt a soft, oh-so-cool and gentle cheek against mine, and it felt so good, so good. On another date, Anne describes Peter so well we can almost see him: Peter was the ideal boy: tall, slim and good-looking, with a serious, quiet and intelligent face. He had dark hair, beautiful brown eyes, ruddy cheeks and a nicely pointed nose. I was crazy about his smile, which made him look so boyish and mischievous.† Anne would never know what became of her childhood sweetheart, but history tells the sad story.   Peter was imprisoned in two concentration camps, arriving first in   Bergen-Belsen, before he was transferred to Auschwitz, where it is known that he perished although the exact date is unclear. Like Anne, we, her readers, could only envision Peter in our heads.   This remained so for nearly sixty years, but in 2009, one of her classmates donated a picture of Peter to the Anne Frank House.   Here he is: It would have been lovely to know if this young love would have come to anything, if, as Anne hoped, they were able to consummate their desire.   Calling Peter by his pet name, Petel, Anne opines: Once, when Father and I were talking about sex, he said I was too young to understand that kind of desire. But I thought I did understand it, and now Im sure I do. Nothing is as dear to me now as my darling Petel!

Macrroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macrroeconomics - Essay Example These factors often influence each other. As opposed to microeconomics, which is mainly concerned with actions of individual factors such as consumers, firms and how consumer behavior determines quantities and prices in specified markets, macroeconomics is broad in scope. It is, therefore, aimed at providing an understanding of the causes and consequences of changes in national incomes as well as understanding the major determinants of economic growth (Marshall 10). Macroeconomists have developed a variety of models that tend to explain the relationships between the various economic factors. These models have been helpful to governments and large corporations in developing and evaluating their economic policies as well as business strategies. As such, macroeconomics covers a variety of concepts. However, the three major concepts and variables are output, unemployment and inflation (Marshall 15). With regard to output and income, national output refers to the total value of everything that is produced within a given country in a specified period of time. This output generates income. Thus, output and income are generic terms used interchangeably as they are deemed to imply the same thing (Marshall 17). In macroeconomics, output is measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). On the other hand, unemployment is measured by the rate of unemployment. It refers to the percentage of people who lack jobs in the labor force of a given economy (Marshall 19). Thus, unemployment may be categorized into various types based on the different causes. For instance, classical unemployment occurs when wages are so high that employers become unwilling to hire more workers. Similarly, frictional unemployment occurs when workers take too long to find a job, so they experience long periods of unemployment. Another type is structural unemployment. It is when people become unemployed as a consequence of a myriad of factors such